Trends

What the database says about how former malls are being reused, by year, decade, region, owner and place. Every number is computed from the records on this site at build 2026-10-20; counts are of records with the field filled, so they describe the database, not the whole country. Profiles break each element out with a downloadable list. Capital covers deals, debt and the CMBS trusts behind the malls. Massing shows what the zoning code would let a site become.

Closures and retrofits per year

closures per year · retrofit years (year the new use opened or the record dates it). Sites without a year are not counted.

New-use mix by retrofit decade

Decade	Retrofits	Housing	Retail (continued)	Office	Mixed use	Park and open space	Civic and government	Entertainment and sports	Education	Hotel	Logistics and industrial
1990s	59	23%	54%	23%	16%	16%	8%	15%	15%	3%	3%
2000s	156	21%	53%	27%	21%	14%	10%	14%	5%	3%	3%
2010s	205	34%	44%	27%	24%	10%	8%	9%	4%	7%	4%
2020s	178	53%	63%	25%	36%	21%	8%	19%	9%	12%	13%

Policy tools by retrofit decade

Decade	Retrofits	Rezoning	Public grant or loan	Master plan or PUD	Tax increment financing	Affordable housing credits	Tax abatement or incentive	Bonds	Public acquisition
1990s	59	0%	1%	1%	0%	0%	0%	1%	1%
2000s	156	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
2010s	205	1%	1%	0%	3%	0%	0%	0%	0%
2020s	178	7%	2%	1%	1%	2%	2%	1%	0%

Movers: 2010s to 2020s

Element	2010s	2020s	Change
Retrofit in the pipeline	10%	37%	+27 pts
15-minute neighbourhood (5+ of 6 daily needs within 800 m)	57%	34%	-23 pts
Sold since 2020	1%	23%	+22 pts
Renter-majority tract	43%	24%	-19 pts
Housing	35%	53%	+19 pts
Retail (continued)	45%	63%	+19 pts
Grocery within 800 m	61%	43%	-18 pts
Bike network nearby	40%	22%	-18 pts
On Facebook	46%	29%	-17 pts
Walkable block group (EPA ≥ 12)	37%	21%	-15 pts
200+ tax-credit housing units within 1 km	19%	7%	-12 pts
Mixed use	25%	37%	+12 pts

How long a dead mall waits

Closure decade	Records	Median wait	Longest
Closed 1950s	3	60 yrs	65 yrs
Closed 1960s	7	5 yrs	10 yrs
Closed 1970s	6	12 yrs	27 yrs
Closed 1980s	6	4 yrs	41 yrs
Closed 1990s	43	4 yrs	33 yrs
Closed 2000s	85	2 yrs	22 yrs
Closed 2010s	64	3 yrs	12 yrs
Closed 2020s	63	1 yrs	6 yrs

Strategy by census division

Division	Sites	Redeveloped	Reinhabited	Regreened
South Atlantic	355	66%	23%	10%
East North Central	234	60%	30%	8%
Pacific	200	68%	25%	6%
Mid-Atlantic	190	66%	28%	5%
West North Central	125	56%	33%	10%
New England	104	69%	25%	5%
Mountain	97	64%	19%	15%
West South Central	92	53%	42%	4%
East South Central	60	51%	35%	13%
Canada	57	77%	21%	1%
England	46	56%	39%	4%
United Kingdom	44	56%	36%	6%
Australia	39	48%	33%	17%
UK	38	42%	52%	5%
Singapore	16	93%	6%	0%
US	13	84%	7%	7%
—	12	50%	25%	25%
Germany	9	33%	55%	11%

Place context by strategy

	Redeveloped	Reinhabited	Regreened
EPA walkability index (mean, n)	13.6 (275)	13.6 (112)	14.7 (39)
Rail station within 800 m	21% (170)	25% (54)	34% (23)
In an Opportunity Zone	23% (351)	24% (149)	16% (50)

Transitions: strategy to new use

Strategy → new use	Sites	Housing	Retail (continued)	Office	Mixed use	Park and open space	Civic and government	Entertainment and sports	Education
Redeveloped	1126	56%	53%	22%	25%	17%	10%	12%	6%
Reinhabited	505	43%	38%	33%	15%	9%	18%	14%	12%
Regreened	151	40%	36%	17%	28%	78%	16%	11%	7%

Transitions: former anchor to outcome

Former anchor → outcome	Sites	Redeveloped	Reinhabited	Housing	Logistics	Medical	Still closed
Sears	226	71%	20%	35%	7%	2%	4%
JCPenney	195	54%	19%	27%	11%	2%	6%
Macy's	87	72%	11%	43%	9%	2%	0%
Dillard's	78	60%	30%	24%	16%	2%	3%
Montgomery Ward	69	73%	26%	27%	15%	1%	8%
Kmart	36	66%	25%	19%	11%	5%	5%
Belk	26	34%	15%	15%	3%	0%	11%
J. C. Penney	23	73%	26%	26%	0%	4%	8%
Boscov's	18	44%	22%	27%	5%	5%	0%
Mervyn's	17	58%	35%	17%	17%	5%	5%

Market share by state

State (top 14) → element share	Sites	Redev.	Housing	Logistics	Medical	Mixed	Rezoned	Closed, none	Rail	Walkable	OZ
CA	155	65%	49%	1%	1%	16%	2%	1%	5%	27%	9%
NY	102	57%	45%	6%	1%	12%	5%	1%	3%	19%	10%
GA	94	68%	63%	1%	3%	21%	11%	2%	2%	4%	3%
VA	93	65%	53%	2%	1%	24%	8%	3%	3%	10%	8%
FL	80	58%	40%	2%	1%	15%	2%	2%	2%	35%	7%
TX	74	52%	33%	6%	2%	16%	4%	4%	4%	24%	5%
PA	69	55%	23%	13%	2%	10%	4%	2%	1%	18%	4%
IL	67	59%	28%	5%	2%	16%	1%	5%	1%	34%	2%
OH	61	59%	24%	11%	3%	24%	3%	3%	0%	31%	19%
MI	54	55%	24%	9%	1%	14%	1%	3%	0%	12%	12%
MA	50	86%	56%	4%	4%	24%	8%	0%	0%	22%	6%
CO	47	68%	48%	4%	2%	12%	8%	0%	4%	12%	6%
WA	41	58%	51%	0%	0%	21%	2%	0%	7%	14%	2%
MN	41	65%	39%	12%	4%	19%	2%	0%	0%	14%	2%

Owner and developer portfolios

Owner / developer	Sites	Where	Portfolio profile (elements)	Acres
Simon Property Group	29	CA, CT, FL, GA, IN, LA, MA, MD, MN, MO, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OK, TX, VA, WA	Redeveloped 19; Retail (continued) 14; Housing 11; Website alive 10	505
General Growth Properties	14	AL, FL, HI, IA, ID, IL, MD, MI, NY, PA, TX	Redeveloped 11; On Facebook 9; Retail (continued) 9; Website alive 5	182
Kohan Retail Investment Group	9	IL, KS, LA, MI, NJ, OH, VA	Redeveloped 7; Sold since 2020 4; Website alive 4; Retail (continued) 4	0
Macerich	8	AZ, CO, IA, NY, VA, WA	On Facebook 5; Housing 5; Website alive 4; Redeveloped 4	82
Namdar Realty Group	8	IA, IL, MO, NJ, OH, PA, UT	Redeveloped 5; Retail (continued) 5; On Facebook 4; Reinhabited 3	200
Rouse Properties	6	AR, IL, TX, UT, VA	Redeveloped 4; Retail (continued) 4; Sold since 2020 3; On Facebook 3	155
The Rouse Company	7	CT, MD, MI, NJ, PA, TX	Redeveloped 6; Retail (continued) 5; Housing 4; Reinhabited 3	275
Westfield Group	7	Australia, CA, FL, MO, NY	Housing 4; Retail (continued) 4; Website alive 4; Redeveloped 3	47
PREIT	6	NJ, PA, WV	Redeveloped 5; On Facebook 4; Retail (continued) 4; On Twitter 3	275
Hull Property Group	5	MO, MS, PA, WI, WV	Retail (continued) 5; Redeveloped 4; Housing 4; Hotel 3	80
Merlone Geier Partners	5	CA, WA	Housing 5; Redeveloped 4; Retail (continued) 4; Entertainment and sports 3	0
Starwood Capital Group	4	CA, MI, TX, VA	Website alive 2; Office 2; Attention rising (Wikipedia views +50% y/y) 2; On Facebook 1	0
Taubman Centers	3	MD, TX, WI	Website alive 3; Redeveloped 3; Housing 3; On Facebook 2	158
Richard E. Jacobs Group	4	ME, NC, OH	Redeveloped 3; Website dead or redirecting 2; Mixed use 2; Retail (continued) 2	55
CBL & Associates Properties	4	FL, MO, NC	Redeveloped 4; Housing 4; Retail (continued) 4; Sold since 2020 3	0
Crown American	4	PA, WV	On Facebook 3; Redeveloped 3; On Twitter 2; Website alive 2	0
Capital & Centric	4	UK	Reinhabited 3; Retrofit in the pipeline 3; Office 2; Retail (continued) 2	0
JBG Smith	3	TX	Retrofit in the pipeline 3; Reinhabited 3; Housing 3	0
Brookfield Properties	3	AR, CO, US	Redeveloped 3; Retail (continued) 3; Retrofit in the pipeline 2; Housing 2	73
Liberty Property Trust	3	NJ	Retrofit in the pipeline 3; Redeveloped 3; Housing 1; Retail (continued) 1	0

Former anchors and what followed

Anchor	Sites	Redeveloped	Still closed or demolished
Sears	226	71%	46%
JCPenney	195	54%	50%
Macy's	87	72%	44%
Dillard's	78	60%	43%
Montgomery Ward	69	73%	52%
Kmart	36	66%	50%
Belk	26	34%	73%
J. C. Penney	23	73%	34%
Boscov's	18	44%	27%
Mervyn's	17	58%	29%
Woolworth	15	73%	40%

Most frequent owners and developers

Simon Property Group33

General Growth Properties14

Kohan Retail Investment Group10

Macerich10

Namdar Realty Group9

Rouse Properties8

The Rouse Company7

Westfield Group7

PREIT6

Hull Property Group6

Merlone Geier Partners5

Starwood Capital Group5

Taubman Centers5

Richard E. Jacobs Group4

CBL & Associates Properties4

Deal prices per acre

Year	Deals	Median $/acre
2025	6	$431,970
2026	4	$1,139,524

Method: how elements are derived. Download everything on the data page (elements.csv, site_elements.csv).

State (top 14) → element share	Sites	Redev.	Housing	Logistics	Medical	Mixed	Rezoned	Closed, none	Rail	Walkable	OZ
CA	155	65%	49%	1%	1%	16%	2%	1%	5%	27%	9%
NY	102	57%	45%	6%	1%	12%	5%	1%	3%	19%	10%
GA	94	68%	63%	1%	3%	21%	11%	2%	2%	4%	3%
VA	93	65%	53%	2%	1%	24%	8%	3%	3%	10%	8%
FL	80	58%	40%	2%	1%	15%	2%	2%	2%	35%	7%
TX	74	52%	33%	6%	2%	16%	4%	4%	4%	24%	5%
PA	69	55%	23%	13%	2%	10%	4%	2%	1%	18%	4%
IL	67	59%	28%	5%	2%	16%	1%	5%	1%	34%	2%
OH	61	59%	24%	11%	3%	24%	3%	3%	0%	31%	19%
MI	54	55%	24%	9%	1%	14%	1%	3%	0%	12%	12%
MA	50	86%	56%	4%	4%	24%	8%	0%	0%	22%	6%
CO	47	68%	48%	4%	2%	12%	8%	0%	4%	12%	6%
WA	41	58%	51%	0%	0%	21%	2%	0%	7%	14%	2%
MN	41	65%	39%	12%	4%	19%	2%	0%	0%	14%	2%

State (top 14) → element share	Sites	Redev.	Housing	Logistics	Medical	Mixed	Rezoned	Closed, none	Rail	Walkable	OZ
CA	155	65%	49%	1%	1%	16%	2%	1%	5%	27%	9%
NY	102	57%	45%	6%	1%	12%	5%	1%	3%	19%	10%
GA	94	68%	63%	1%	3%	21%	11%	2%	2%	4%	3%
VA	93	65%	53%	2%	1%	24%	8%	3%	3%	10%	8%
FL	80	58%	40%	2%	1%	15%	2%	2%	2%	35%	7%
TX	74	52%	33%	6%	2%	16%	4%	4%	4%	24%	5%
PA	69	55%	23%	13%	2%	10%	4%	2%	1%	18%	4%
IL	67	59%	28%	5%	2%	16%	1%	5%	1%	34%	2%
OH	61	59%	24%	11%	3%	24%	3%	3%	0%	31%	19%
MI	54	55%	24%	9%	1%	14%	1%	3%	0%	12%	12%
MA	50	86%	56%	4%	4%	24%	8%	0%	0%	22%	6%
CO	47	68%	48%	4%	2%	12%	8%	0%	4%	12%	6%
WA	41	58%	51%	0%	0%	21%	2%	0%	7%	14%	2%
MN	41	65%	39%	12%	4%	19%	2%	0%	0%	14%	2%

Trends

Closures and retrofits per yearyear_closed and year_retrofit fields

New-use mix by retrofit decadeshare of retrofits in each decade carrying the use

Policy tools by retrofit decadeshare of retrofits with the tool recorded

Movers: 2010s to 2020sshare of retrofits with the element, by decade

How long a dead mall waitsyears from closure to retrofit, records with both years

Strategy by census divisionsites with a strategy recorded

Place context by strategyEPA walkability, OpenStreetMap, HUD; n = records with the layer

Transitions: strategy to new useshare of sites with each strategy that carry the use

Transitions: former anchor to outcometop ten anchors

Market share by stateshare of each state's sites carrying the element; darker = higher

Owner and developer portfoliosparties with three or more sites; relationship profile

Former anchors and what followedanchors named on 15+ sites

Most frequent owners and developersparties and owners of record; see /owners/

Deal prices per acresales with price and acres, since 2010; median